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Non-pharmacological strategies: These include intravascular volume expansion, maintenance of renal blood flow and renal perfusion pressure, avoidance of nephrotoxic agents, strict glycaemic control, and appropriate management of post-operative complications. Globally, the most frequently employed isotonic crystalloid is 0.9% sodium chloride.
The third stage of adaptation involves sodium homeostasis and regulation of the extracellular fluid compartment volume. Fluid Management and Urine Output: Indeed, most patients come to the operating room with a contracted extracellular fluid volume. Noninvasive operations require replacement of only insensible water losses.
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